Family Rejection During COVID-19: Effects on Sexual and Gender Minority Stress and Mental Health

Format

Individual Presentation

Presenters

Karina Alvarez Gattamorta, University of MiamiFollow
John P. Salerno, University of Maryland at College ParkFollow
Roberto Roman Laporte, University of MiamiFollow

First Presenter's Institution

University of Miami

First Presenter’s Email Address

kgattamorta@miami.edu

First Presenter's Brief Biography

Karina Gattamorta is a Research Associate Professor at the School of Nursing and Health Studies at the University of Miami whose work focuses on racial/ethnic sexual minority youth and their families. She has conducted research on the coming out experiences of Hispanic sexual minorities and their effects on youth and parents and has also examined health disparities of sexual minority high school students. Recently, she has examined the role of family rejection, racism, and living arrangements on psychological distress and sexual and gender minority-related stressors such as internalized homophobia, internalized transphobia, LGBTQ identity concealment, and LGBTQ victimization among LGBTQ college students. Currently, she is working on developing a measure of acceptance for parents and caregivers of LGBTQ youth and is also evaluating the feasibility and acceptability of an intervention to promote acceptance among Hispanic families. Her goals are to continue working with diverse sexual and gender minority youth and their families to help increase acceptance and reduce rejection that is linked to disparities in mental and behavioral health among this population. Dr. Gattamorta is also involved in mentoring underrepresented and minority students through her role as the Program Director for the Minority Health Research Training (MHRT) program at the School of Nursing and Health Studies and through mentoring programs for first-generation and LGBTQ students at the University of Miami.

Second Presenter's Institution

University of Maryland

Second Presenter’s Email Address

jsalerno@umd.edu

Third Presenter's Institution

University of Miami

Location

Session Four Breakouts

Strand #1

Home: Family & Community Engagement

Strand #2

Health: Mental & Physical Health

Relevance

There are several implications from the current study findings. First, previous findings have emphasized that compared to before the pandemic (Dunbar, Sontag-Padilla, Ramchand, Seelam, & Stein, 2017), LGBTQ college students are experiencing greater levels of severe psychological distress (Gonzales et al., 2020; Salerno, Pease, et al., 2020) amid COVID-19. The current study adds to these findings by demonstrating the impact of LGBTQ-related family rejection on LGBTQ identity-related related stressors (i.e., identity concealment, LGBTQ victimization, and internalized homophobia and transphobia) and psychological distress among LGBTQ college students and young people amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Given that sexual and gender minority people are already more likely to utilize mental health services compared to their heterosexual and cisgender counterparts (Bourdon, Liadis, Tingle, & Saunders, 2020; Dunbar et al., 2017; Filice & Meyer, 2018; Progovac et al., 2018), during COVID-19, it is imperative to prepare a mental health workforce that is able to address the mental health concerns of LGBTQ young people (Phillips et al., 2020; Williams & Fish, 2020) impacted by LGBTQ identity-related internalized and externalized stressors (Salerno, Devadas, Pease, Nketia, & Fish, 2020) - especially that of family rejection.

Similarly, it is imperative for medical and higher education stakeholders to implement affirming and competent practices that address the identity-related concerns of LGBTQ young people and college students. Based on our findings, higher education, mental health, and medical practice stakeholders are encouraged to draw on various resources to promote family and parental acceptance to address mental health concerns among LGBTQ young people (Cohen, Mannarino, Wilson, & Zinny, 2018; Diamond & Shpigel, 2014; Ibrahim, Russon, Levy, & Diamond, 2018; Katz-Wise, Rosario, & Tsappis, 2016; Ryan, 2009; SAMHSA, 2014). Given the important role of parental and family acceptance (and rejection) in pathways toward LGBTQ mental health burden and other LGBTQ-related stressors, it would be beneficial and important to implement primary prevention practices that are inclusive of parents, family members, and LGBTQ youth, including provision of educational resources and implementation of affirmative responses for supporting LGBTQ young people and their non-heterosexual/cisgender identities

Brief Program Description

This study examines the relationship between family rejection and other SGM stressors and psychological distress during COVID-19 among SGM college students. The authors demonstrate that increased family rejection since the start of COVID-19 will be significantly associated with moderate to severe psychological distress, LGBTQ-related identity concealment, internalized homophobia, internalized transphobia, and LGBTQ-related victimization among SGM college students since the start of COVID-19 above and beyond the effects of social isolation, living with parents, and being out to parents. Such knowledge could improve understanding of the role family rejection plays in the mental health and LGBTQ-identity related concerns of SGM college students/young people. Consequently, this new knowledge could be used to inform public health, mental health, and higher education research, practice, and policies to address their needs both during the current pandemic and following its containment.

Summary

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between family rejection and other sexual and gender minority (SGM) stressors and psychological distress during COVID-19 among LGBTQ college students. Specifically, the aim is to determine the extent to which increased family rejection since the start of COVID-19 is associated with moderate to severe psychological distress, LGBTQ-related identity concealment, internalized homophobia, internalized transphobia, and LGBTQ-related victimization.

Methods: Data analyzed in this study were obtained from an electronic survey of SGM college students (N = 565) collected in the Summer of 2020. A series of hierarchical logistic regression models were used to examine the predictive association between increased family rejection and moderate to severe psychological distress, increased identity concealment, LGBTQ-related victimization, internalized homophobia, and transphobia after adjusting for living with parents, out to parents, and increased isolation during the pandemic.

Results: Increased family rejection was a significant predictor of all outcomes above and beyond the effect of covariates. Respondents who reported increased rejection were three times more likely to report moderate to severe psychological distress, seven times more likely to report increased identity concealment, three times more likely to report increased LGBTQ victimization, almost four times more likely to report increased internalized homophobia, and almost five times more likely to report increased internalized transphobia.

Conclusions: These results demonstrate the importance of public health, medical, mental health, and higher education stakeholders to understand the importance of SGM stressors and family functioning when addressing the mental health and well-being of LGBTQ youth.

Evidence

Studies conducted during COVID-19 have shown a detrimental impact to mental health among young adults associated with increases in post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety (Horigian, Schmidt, and Feaster, 2020). Prior to the pandemic sexual and gender minority (SGM) people were already at increased risk for depression, anxiety, suicidality, and substance abuse (Price-Feeney, Green, Dorison, 2020; Russell & Fish, 2016). This trend is exacerbated among the SGM community (Gato et al., 2020; Gonzalez et al., 2020; Kidd et al, 2021; Kneale & Bécares, 2020; Moore, et al., 2021; Salerno, Pease et al., 2020; Veldhuis et al, 2021).

During the pandemic, “stay at home orders” were implemented in various states to slow the spread of COVID-19 (Mervosh, Lu, & Swales, 2020) and college campuses were closed, forcing many students to leave campuses and return to their parents’ homes (Salerno, Pease et al., 2020) , which is concerning given that colleges often serve as safe havens for SGM people who are not out at home or accepted by family (Gonzalez et al., 2020; Hill et al, 2020; Para et al, 2018; Woodford et al, 2018). The loss of SGM support such as LGBT resources, college-sanctioned clubs, and affirming individuals in the college setting (Pitcher et al., 2018; Woodford et al, 2018) perpetuated feelings of loneliness and depression for students forced to return home (Hill et al, 2020; Salerno, Devadas, et al. 2020; Salerno, Williams, & Gattamorta, 2020). Additionally, factors unique to SGM persons, such as family rejection of SGM identities, worsened mental health outcomes for SGM people (Fish et al, 2021; Gato et al, 2021; Kamal et al., 2021; Parra et al, 2018; Salerno, et al., 2020). This is concerning given that SGM people who report high levels of family rejection are more likely to experience depression and attempt suicide compared to people who reported lower levels of family rejection (Clarke, Dougherty, & Pachankis, 2021; Klein & Golub, 2016; Parra et al, 2018; Ryan, et al., 2009).

Because family rejection is significantly affecting the mental health of SGM college students and other young people amid COVID-19, it is imperative to understand the influential mechanisms at play in this pathway, such as SGM-related identity concealment, internalized homophobia and transphobia, and victimization (Brennan et al., 2021; Clarke, Dougherty, & Pachankis, 2021; Flynn & Bhambhani, 2021; Heiden-Rootes et al, 2020). As the COVID-19 resurgence worsens and safety measures are reimplemented to reduce the spread of new variants of the virus, access to affirming resources mental health services has been interrupted. During this uncertain period, efforts to gain a better understanding of family rejection and its impact on SGM college students and young people are critical for establishing interventions and prevention practices that may reduce the unique mental health crisis affecting this population (Salerno, Devadas, Pease, Nketia, & Fish, 2020).

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Learning Objective 1

Describe the impact of family rejection on SGM stressors.

Learning Objective 2

Describe the impact of family rejection on mental health.

Learning Objective 3

Describe how being out to parents, living with parents, and social isolation also impact SGM stress and mental health.

Keyword Descriptors

LGBT youth, Family acceptance and rejection, mental health, COVID-19

Presentation Year

2022

Start Date

3-8-2022 8:30 AM

End Date

3-8-2022 9:45 AM

Recommended Citation

Gattamorta, Karina Alvarez; Salerno, John P.; and Roman Laporte, Roberto, "Family Rejection During COVID-19: Effects on Sexual and Gender Minority Stress and Mental Health" (2022). National Youth Advocacy and Resilience Conference. 48.
https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/nyar_savannah/2022/2022/48